The story of the murder of Archbishop
Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170 is well
known, as is the knowledge that the event gave rise to pilgrimages for
centuries afterwards, the most famous being the fictional one that formed the
basis of Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales more than 200 years later.
However, some of the details of how the murder led to the pilgrimages may not
be as well known.
Thomas Becket had been a good friend of
King Henry II and he had served as the king’s chancellor before being appointed
Archbishop of Canterbury. It had been Henry’s intention to have a placeman as
archbishop who would keep the troublesome monks and priests under control, but
Thomas took his duties as a churchman much more seriously than Henry had
expected. When it came to the issue of whether men in holy orders should be subject
to civil courts or ecclesiastical ones, Becket took the side of the Church, and
this was what caused the rift between the two men that would eventually lead to
Becket’s death.
Proof that Becket was in no way the king’s
man, but a true churchman, came after his murder when his body was stripped of
his bloodied vestments. It was found that Becket had been wearing a rough hair
shirt that would have caused him considerable discomfort, as would irritation
from the lice and maggots that infested the shirt. It was also revealed that
Becket subjected himself to whipping up to three times a day, not for any
masochistic pleasure but as a form of monastic mortification that was designed
to focus the mind on spiritual matters.
The monks immediately felt that they were
in the presence of a saint, and they took the precaution of gathering up as
much of his spilled blood as they could.
Although news of the murder spread far and
wide, the cult of Thomas did not really get going until after King Henry had
made his own way to Canterbury to do penance. This did not happen until 1174,
more than three years after the murder. This suggests that Henry’s remorse was by
no means immediate and was only sparked by his conviction that the revolt of
his sons Henry, Geoffrey and Richard was God’s judgment on him for his angry
words that inspired Becket’s murderers.
Canterbury water
As part of his penance, Henry wore a hair
shirt similar to that worn by Becket (though presumably without the maggots).
He demanded that he be whipped by every bishop and monk who was present and he then
rode back to London with a phial of water round his neck to which a drop of
Becket’s blood had been added.
Thus was created “Canterbury water”. If the
king could have his body and soul purged by a drop of the martyr’s blood, then
why not ordinary people? Miraculous cures were claimed for Canterbury water,
and everyone with a disability or ailment that confounded the doctors (which
probably covered most things) believed that a journey to Canterbury to buy some
of this holy relic would be a good investment of their time and money.
As might be supposed, the genuine article
probably ran out of supply at a very early date, even supposing that any
Canterbury water had been genuine in the first place. However, that did not
stop the faithful from believing in the power of what they were given, and
there were plenty of people around to sell them not only Canterbury water but
all sorts of other trinkets that supposedly had a direct relationship to Thomas
Becket.
One of the more colourful characters on
Chaucer’s 14th century pilgrimage was a pardoner, this being a man
who made his living from selling pardons from sin (signed by the Pope of
course) and “holy relics”. Chaucer’s character is fictional, but the author
knew that his contemporary readers would recognise him as just the sort of
person they were likely to come across as he made his way to Canterbury to do
some good business by fleecing gullible pilgrims.
The Becket shrine
The Becket shrine at Canterbury Cathedral
became one of the best attended in Europe. The Pope declared Becket to be a
saint in double-quick time (even before King Henry did his penance) and it
became fashionable to make a pilgrimage to Canterbury. King Henry’s three
daughters were all married to European royalty and they helped to spread the
word.
England now had a home-grown saint, with
royal approval, and was determined to cash in. As a result the shrine brought
huge amounts of money to Canterbury, not to mention many gifts of precious
stones that adorned the chapel where the shrine was placed. The income from the
pilgrims allowed the cathedral to undertake a series of building repairs and
extensions over the coming centuries that would transform it into one of
Europe’s best cathedrals, albeit somewhat mixed in style.
The end for Becket’s shrine came in 1538 as
part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII. It needed 26
carts to carry away all the treasure that had been left there by pilgrims
during the preceding three and a half centuries.
© John Welford
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