One quotation that everybody knows is the greeting given in
1871 by the journalist Henry Morton Stanley to the missionary and explorer Dr
David Livingstone. After trekking across Africa to the shores of Lake
Tanganyika in a mission to find the long-lost explorer, Stanley reached out a
hand and said: “Dr Livingstone, I presume”.
However, as with so many “everybody knows” incidents, this
one is unlikely to have happened exactly as the newspapers of the time would
have one believe. There is no direct documentary evidence that the words in
question were used, and neither Stanley nor Livingstone left any contemporary
record of the meeting. Stanley was, after all, a journalist sent to find
Livingstone by the New York Times, and he knew the value of a good human
interest story.
The mission to find Livingstone was also not quite as
portrayed at the time. The public in Britain and the United States had had
their interest in Livingstone’s whereabouts sustained by the Press for years,
and Stanley’s journey to find him was merely a culmination of a long-running
newspaper story.
David Livingstone (1813-73) was a Scottish medical doctor
who had been sent as a missionary to Africa in the 1850s but who had proved to
be singularly inept in his role as a converter of Africans to Christianity.
Throughout his career there were only two confirmed examples of conversions.
However, he proved to be much more successful as an explorer of Africa’s
interior, being the first white man to cross the continent from east to west
and he was the discoverer and namer of the Victoria Falls. On his return to
Britain he became a celebrity, despite his incompetence as a missionary.
In the late 1860s he started to explore the area around Lake
Tanganyika as part of an attempt to discover the source of the River Nile.
However, his despatches back to Britain failed to arrive and, to all intents
and purposes, he was lost in darkest Africa, possibly dead. By November 1871,
when Stanley started his search, Livingstone had been out of touch with
civilization for five years.
Henry Morton Stanley was an interesting character. Born in
Wales in 1841 as John Rowlands, he had emigrated to the United States at the
age of 17, been a Confederate soldier during the Civil War, changing sides on
being captured, and had finally become a journalist on the New York Times. His
experiences as a Southern white man had given him a highly prejudiced opinion
of the value of black people, which he took with him to Africa. His harsh
treatment of the porters who formed the bulk of his huge exploration party
contrasted sharply with the enlightened views of his quarry, Livingstone, one
of whose objectives was to put an end to slavery within Africa.
Finding Livingstone was not particularly difficult. Stanley
simply headed east from the coast to Lake Tanganyika and, when he arrived, the
first person he encountered was Livingstone’s personal servant, who led him
straight to the man himself. However, Stanley needed to write a story, and the
simple meeting needed a little embellishment. As well as the “Dr Livingstone, I
presume” line, Stanley also concocted the idea that Livingstone expressed
surprise at the nomination of Horace Greeley as the Democrat candidate for the
next United States Presidential election. The notion that a Scottish explorer,
“lost” in Africa for five years, should have had the slightest interest in or
knowledge of contemporary American politics is surely a far-fetched one, but
Stanley was, after all, writing for an American readership which had very
different priorities!
Following the discovery of Livingstone, Stanley was supposed
to head straight back home, but his naturally adventurous character got the
better of him and he stayed with Livingstone until March 1872. Despite their
very different personalities, the two men became firm friends.
The story did not have a particularly happy ending.
Livingstone died a year later without returning home. Stanley carried on
exploring, being the first white man to trace the course of the River Congo
from its source to the sea. He also became instrumental in enabling the Belgian
King Leopold III to seize the Congo as a personal fiefdom from which the
resources of the area were exploited with great rapacity and cruelty. It is
ironic that Stanley’s efforts helped the slave trade in the Congo to flourish,
which would have horrified his former friend David Livingstone.
A further irony of that famous meeting on the shores of Lake
Tanganyika was that the decent and honourable man, Dr Livingstone, died alone
and largely forgotten, far from home, but the cruel, racist and money-grabbing
Henry Morton Stanley lived to become a British Member of Parliament and to be
honoured with a knighthood in 1899. He died in 1904.
© John Welford
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